Boss Ladies: Fascinating Female-Led Insect Societies 

Who runs the world? According to Beyoncé, it’s girls — and in the insect world, that’s certainly true! In many insect species, females are strong, confident and unmistakably in charge, from industrious honey bee queens to formidable praying mantises. Let’s dive into what makes so many female insects such powerhouses and the driving forces of their societies. 

Female Leadership 

In insect societies, leadership and division of labor aren’t always shared equally between males and females. Some social insect communities operate under a matriarchal structure, led by a dominant female. 

A hallmark of these societies is the selection of a single queen to head the colony. Her primary role? To ensure the colony’s survival and growth by constantly laying eggs. Below, we’ll explore fascinating facts about these insect queens and how aspects of their leadership compare — and contrast — with human leadership. 

  • Mating 
    Queens truly do have it all: more hospitable living arrangements in the nest and a constant supply of a nutritious, high-calorie diet. However, they also shoulder the gargantuan responsibility of ensuring the growth of their colonies.  

To promote genetic diversity, honey bee queens mate repeatedly before they begin laying eggs, collecting over 70 million sperm from multiple males. For the males, however, mating marks the end of the road. Once mating occurs, a male’s endophallus detaches within the queen, rupturing his abdomen and killing him. 

  • Laying eggs 
    Queens of honey bees and certain ant species have impressive reproductive capabilities. A queen can lay thousands of eggs daily and up to hundreds of thousands over her lifetime, ensuring that the colony’s population remains strong and adaptable. 
  • Protection 
    Just as human societies rally to protect their leaders, insect colonies fiercely protect their queens. Honey bees form a dense shield around the queen to safeguard her from threats, while certain army ants create a living shelter by interlocking their bodies — sometimes using up to 700,000 ants to provide the ultimate fortress. 

Reproductive Habits 

Queen bees aren’t the only insects with fascinating reproductive behaviors. Other female insects showcase unique — and sometimes dramatic — mating habits: 

  • Praying mantises 
    With their raptorial (grasping) front legs, praying mantises might look serene, but they are known for a startling behavior: sexual cannibalism. Males compete fiercely for a chance to mate, yet the victorious suitor doesn’t always survive the encounter. After mating, some females kill and consume the male, gaining valuable nutrients that provide energy for egg-laying and nurturing their future offspring. 
  • Walking sticks 
    Also known as stick insects, some walking sticks can reproduce without their male counterparts through a process called parthenogenesis. This unique form of asexual reproduction results in genetic clones of the female, allowing them to maintain their population without mating. 

The Positive Ecological Impact of Female-Led Insect Species 

Female-led insect species play a vital role in sustaining ecosystems and supporting economies worldwide. For instance: 

  • Female bees serve as the primary workers within their colonies, diligently gathering nectar and pollen from plants. This activity not only sustains bee colonies but also facilitates pollination, allowing plants to reproduce and maintain ecosystem biodiversity. 
  • Bee-driven pollination has substantial economic benefits. In 2010 alone, honey bees were responsible for pollinating about $12.4 billion worth of crops in the United States, including key produce like almonds, apples and blueberries. 

Self Defense 

Male insects sometimes look more intimidating than females, such as male stag beetles, who use their large, imposing mandibles in battles with other males. But when it comes to defense mechanisms, it’s the sting that matters. Many female insects have toxic venom in their stingers, ready to inject into any threat. 

Female honey bees and tarantula hawk wasps (also known as pepsis wasps) can deliver painful stings when threatened. Males, however, lack stingers entirely but often mimic the warning colors of females to deter predators. This clever strategy signals danger despite their inability to sting. 

Explore the World of Entomology at the University of Florida 

Insects aren’t the only females making an impact in their world. Women are also stepping up as leaders in entomology, now earning 40% of doctoral degrees in the field. 

Ready to advance your career in entomology? Consider the University of Florida’s world-renowned graduate programs in entomology and nematology. As the top-ranked institution in this field, UF offers flexible online programs taught by industry experts, with specialized tracks in: 

Choose from two paths to gain the expertise you need: 

  • Graduate Certificate: Focus on a specific area with a 15-credit certificate in one of the specializations listed above. 
  • Master’s Degree: Earn a full degree with a comprehensive curriculum, including 15 hours of foundational entomology courses and 15 credits in your chosen specialization. Upon completion, you’ll receive both a graduate degree and a certificate in your area of focus. 

Become part of the next generation driving advances in entomology. Apply now to start your journey with UF!

Sources: 
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ants/queen.html
https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2016/07/sexual-cannibalism-could-benefit-male-praying-mantis
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/parthenogenesis
https://blog.desertmuseum.org/2017/06/14/who-run-the-insect-world-girls/

Entomology, the study of insects, has long been associated with notable figures such as Sir Vincent Wigglesworth and William Kirby. While men have historically dominated the field and currently hold around 66% of entomology-related careers, the contributions of women in entomology deserve equal recognition.

Women have made pivotal advances in understanding insect behavior, ecology and biodiversity. This article highlights some of the influential women whose work has shaped the field, celebrating their achievements and the progress they inspire.

Margaret James Strickland Collins (1922–1996)

Margaret James Strickland Collins, affectionately known as the “Mother of Termite Ecology,” was a trailblazer in the field of entomology. Born in West Virginia to college-educated parents, Collins demonstrated exceptional intellectual abilities from a young age. By the age of six, she was reading at a college level, demonstrating her intellect and insatiable curiosity about the world. Her parents nurtured this curiosity, encouraging her to pursue her passions: a path that led her to achieve a historic milestone in 1949 as the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in entomology.

Throughout her life, Collins balanced multiple roles, including serving as a professor at Howard University, raising two children and actively engaging in civil rights activism during the 1950s. Alongside these accomplishments, she dedicated herself to termite ecology, a field where her groundbreaking research offered profound insights:

  • Termite behavior
    Some of Collins’s research focused on how termites interact with their environment, such as their feeding habits, nesting behaviors and role in the decomposition of wood, highlighting their value in maintaining an ecological balance in nature.
  • Social structure
    Collins explored the social structures of termites, decoding the mystery behind their caste system and discovering how they communicate in their colonies.

Clara Southmayd Ludlow (1852–1924)

Clara Southmayd Ludlow, often referred to as the “Mother of Medical Entomology,” began her career far from the scientific field that later defined her legacy. Her initial passion was music, and she graduated from the New England Conservatory of Music in 1876.

In 1897, Ludlow shifted her focus to the sciences, earning both a bachelor’s and a master’s degree in botany. Her career trajectory took a strong turn while visiting her brother in the Philippines, where he contracted a severe illness. After accompanying her brother home for treatment, her experience motivated her to study mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit.

By 1907, Ludlow was a demonstrator of histology and embryology at The George Washington University, where she earned her Ph.D. with a dissertation on the mosquitoes of the Philippine Islands. Over nearly two decades, she built a remarkable body of work, contributing significantly to the field of medical entomology. Ludlow:

  • Identified 72 mosquito species, greatly expanding knowledge of mosquito biodiversity.
  • Discovered six new mosquito species, adding to the scientific understanding of mosquito taxonomy.
  • Linked mosquito species to disease transmission cycles, advancing research on vector-borne illnesses.
  • Broke barriers as the first woman admitted to the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, paving the way for future generations of women in the field.

Mary Talbot (1903–1990)

Our understanding of ant socialization might not be what it is today without the research and dedication of Mary Talbot. Her fascination with insects began in childhood in Tiffin, Ohio, where she and her brother collected and studied bugs from their neighborhood. This passion extended into adulthood, leading her to pursue a bachelor’s degree and a master’s degree in entomology. She later earned a Ph.D. in zoology, completing a dissertation on the distribution of ant species in the Chicago region.

After completing her education, Talbot became a dedicated educator, teaching at the collegiate level. She later transitioned into research, where she could focus on her lifelong passion for ants. Known for her meticulous fieldwork, Talbot often braved challenging environments such as marshes, dunes and swamps to observe ants in their natural habitats, spending countless hours documenting their behavior.

Throughout her career, Talbot made numerous contributions to entomology, including:

  • Documenting ant diversity
    She identified 90 species of ants in the Chicago area, contributing to a deeper understanding of regional ant populations.
  • Long-term studies
    Talbot conducted an impressive 26-summer study on ant population dynamics in a 1,146-acre natural history preserve in southeastern Michigan, offering insights into how ant populations change over time.
  • Fieldwork emphasis
    She supported observing ants in their natural environments rather than relying solely on controlled laboratory settings, highlighting the importance of ecological context in understanding ant behavior.

Make Your Mark in Entomology at the University of Florida

Women have played a pivotal role in entomology. At the University of Florida (UF), we proudly honor this legacy while fostering the next wave of innovators — women and men alike — who are passionate about advancing this field.

Our online graduate programs, taught by industry-renowned professors, equip students with the knowledge and skills needed to excel in the ever-evolving world of entomology and nematology. Explore our diverse paths of study, including:

  • Medical Entomology
  • Landscape Pest Management
  • Urban Pest Management
  • Beekeeping

Each specialization offers the flexibility to pursue either an online graduate certificate or an online graduate degree, allowing you to tailor your education to your career goals.

Begin your journey to becoming a leader in entomology at UF. Apply today!

Sources:
https://onlineentomology.ifas.ufl.edu/exploring-the-gender-gap-in-stem-fields-entomology-edition/
https://womeninexploration.org/timeline/margaret-s-collins
https://medicalmuseum.health.mil/micrograph/index.cfm/posts/2019/dr_clara_ludlow_from_music_to_mosquitoes
https://digitalcommons.lindenwood.edu/faculty-research-papers/331

Though the term “entomology” was only formally coined in the early 1800s, humans’ fascination with insects dates back thousands of years. Insects account for roughly 75% of all known animal species, so it’s not hard to understand why these tiny creatures have piqued both curiosity and (at times) exasperation from frustrated gatherers and farmers. 

Since its inception, the field of entomology has drawn contributions from early naturalists to modern-day entomologists working to decode the mysteries behind these ever-present creatures. This article explores the journey of entomology from its roots in ancient appreciation and observation to modern research methods, so we can better understand how this once-niche field became a thriving and essential discipline. 

Ancient Foundations of Entomology 

While the ancient origins of entomology weren’t strictly scientific, insects still played an important role in ancient civilizations like the Egyptians and Greeks. For instance, ancient Egyptians revered the scarab beetle. Although often seen today as a common dung beetle, the scarab held deep symbolic meaning in ancient Egypt, representing Khepri, the god of creation, rebirth and the rising sun. Scarab imagery was used extensively in amulets, to seal documents and in jewelry, symbolizing transformation and protection. 

The Greeks took a more scientific approach to their interest in insects. Aristotle was fascinated by the metamorphosis of insects from the larval stage to adulthood. He documented and classified several types of insects, studying their anatomy, behaviors and habitats, and laid the foundation for a more formal study of entomology that would influence scientific thought for centuries. 

Taxonomy and Microscopes 

During the 17th century, the development of the microscope opened up new possibilities for studying insect anatomy. Scientists such as Marcello Malpighi utilized microscopes to observe the intricate structure of insects, including their respiratory systems and reproductive organs. These discoveries provided significant insights into insect morphology and physiology, laying the groundwork for modern entomological studies. 

Building upon these advancements, Carl Linnaeus developed a biological classification system for flora and fauna, including insects, during the 1700s. Ever heard of the Danaus plexippus? That’s the monarch butterfly, with Danaus representing its genus and plexippus its specific species. This formal naming structure helps scientists distinguish between related species and understand their unique characteristics. 

Linnaeus’ taxonomy framework enabled scientists to systematically categorize species based on shared physical characteristics and evolutionary relationships. While modern science has refined Linnaeus’s original system, his foundational principles remain central to contemporary biological classification. 

Darwin and Evolutionary Theory 

The 1800s marked a time of extreme growth in entomology, largely due to Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and the principle of natural selection. According to natural selection, creatures that are best adapted to their environments are most likely to survive. 

In this context, entomologists learned that some species of insects showed remarkable abilities in mimicry, or the ability to imitate the appearance of another species. This unique ability gave those species an evolutionary advantage, keeping them safer from predators than similar insects that did not possess such adaptabilities.  

20th Century Advances 

In the 20th century, scientists and entomologists advanced their understanding of insect evolution by combining two important frameworks: Darwin’s principle of natural selection and Gregor Mendel’s genetics. Mendel’s groundbreaking work revealed how traits, such as eye or wing color in insects, are passed down from parents to offspring through genetic materials. 

By integrating these theories, the concept of modern synthesis was established around 1943. This framework explains how evolution occurs through gradual changes in genes over time. As insects adapt to their environments, small genetic alterations allow them to survive in new conditions. 

The viceroy butterfly provides a perfect example of modern synthesis. Some viceroys have evolved to resemble the bright, warning colors of the monarch butterfly, an insect that is toxic to predators. While viceroys themselves are harmless, those with coloring similar to monarchs are less likely to be eaten because predators often mistake viceroys for the toxic species. 

Contemporary Research 

While entomologists still rely on traditional taxonomy to gain basic insights into insect relationships, advanced research techniques like DNA sequencing have transformed their understanding of insect evolution. DNA sequencing allows for more precise classification of insects based on genetic similarities and differences. To gather this information, scientists do the following: 

  • Extract insect DNA using a small sample, like a leg or wing. Then, they isolate DNA from the cells of that sample. 
  • Read the DNA code with special machines, called DNA sequencers, to reveal how closely related different insect species are. 
  • Compare the sequences to better understand the evolutionary lineage and genetic relationships across insect species. 

With this information, scientists can also determine where species came from and how they evolved. 

Discover Your Passion for Entomology at the University of Florida 

From ancient symbolism to cutting-edge genetics, the study of entomology has transformed dramatically over the centuries. If you feel inspired to contribute to this rapidly expanding field, the University of Florida offers a comprehensive online master’s degree in entomology, where you’ll focus on building a foundation in entomology and enjoy the opportunity to specialize in a preferred area of interest. 

If you have a background in the industry or a related field and simply want to focus on a particular area, we also offer online graduate certificate programs in areas like pest management and beekeeping that will equip you with the knowledge needed to make your resume stand out and advance your career. 

Explore our diverse program offerings to choose the one that aligns with your goals. 

Sources: 
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780123741448001284 
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2019.0074
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1973966
https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199941728/obo-9780199941728-0115.xml

We don’t blame you if insects aren’t your cup of tea. According to Jeffrey Lockwood, many people run from insects (or squash them on sight) partly because of evolution and partly because we feel a sense of invasion when we find them scuttling around our private spaces. 

But perhaps we can persuade you to see that insects aren’t, in fact, the creepy crawlers society has made them out to be. Of the 900,000 types of insects, only 5% are harmful. 

Let’s explore four reasons why insects are beneficial to humans and the world at large. 

#1 Insects Aid in Pollination 

Pollination is a process that helps plants from crops to wildflowers reproduce season after season. Insects, such as bees, play an essential role in this cycle. As they gracefully buzz from one flower to the next in search of nectar, they unknowingly gather pollen grains and transfer them to other flowers, fertilizing them as they go. Other pollinators include butterflies, moths, flies, beetles and wasps. 

#2 They Help in the Decomposition Process 

After plants and animals die, they slowly decompose back into the ground. Beetles and flies help speed up this process. Beetles in particular have strong mouthparts and powerful digestive enzymes that make it easy to break down plant material and animal remains. 

Flies, too, dine on the corpses of dead animals. Fly larvae and their parents feast on the body’s fluids, eventually feeding on the corpse’s interior as it continues to decay. While the visual isn’t glamorous, they’re doing their part to ensure that decaying flora and fauna turn into essential nutrients that are beneficial for the soil and its surrounding plants. 

#3 Insects Provide Natural Pest Control 

While the percentage of insects that pose a threat to your garden may be small, it doesn’t change the fact that certain pests enjoy munching on the plants you’ve worked so hard to cultivate. Fortunately, you can remove these pests from your garden or crops without harmful insecticides. 
 

Instead, opt for natural pest control in the form of other insect-consuming bugs. One of our favorites is the ladybird beetle (known to many as the ladybug). Don’t let their petite, round figure fool you. Ladybugs are voracious predators of aphids and other soft-bodied pests and can remove up to 25 aphids a day! 

Other insects that work wonders as natural pest control include: 

  • Ground beetles 
  • Praying mantises 
  • Hoverflies 
  • Parasitic wasps 

#4 They’re a Sustainable Food Source 

Earth currently plays host to 8.1 billion people. By 2037, it’s expected to be home to a staggering nine billion. With so many mouths to feed, how will the agricultural industry keep up with the demand? 

That’s where edible insects come in. Approximately 25% of the world’s population already consume insects regularly, whether they eat them cooked whole or by grinding them into powder form and baking them into other foods. Eating insects, or entomophagy, provides us with several potential benefits, including: 

  • Creating a more sustainable environment. 
  • Offering a protein-packed dietary option. 
  • Providing food security as a readily available food source. 

Start Your Career in Entomology With an Online Graduate Credential From UF 

Insects might give some people the creepy crawlies, but they’re an indispensable part of our world. Without them, critical tasks like pollination and eliminating other unwanted pests would be much more challenging. If you aspire to make a name for yourself in entomology, the University of Florida provides several entirely online graduate programs to choose from, whether you’re new to the industry or seeking to hone your skills. 

Our Master of Science in Entomology and Nematology is a 30-credit program that offers four unique specializations: 

If you’re interested in a more condensed and specialized graduate program, we also offer online graduate certificates concentrating on each of the respective specializations listed above. Each certificate consists of 15 credits and can be completed in as little as a year (but entirely on your time frame). 

If you have any questions, feel free to check out our FAQ page or contact us directly! When you’re ready, the application is only a click away

Sources: 
https://www.popsci.com/blog-network/our-modern-plagues/get-thing-away-me-why-humans-hate-bugs/ 
https://www.si.edu/spotlight/buginfo/bugnos
https://www.maine.gov/dacf/php/integrated_pest_management/school-ipm-curricula/elementary/documents/Good_Bad_TeachersBooklet.pdf
https://australian.museum/learn/science/decomposition-corpse-fauna/
https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/#
https://smv.org/learn/blog/science-eating-bugs/

For many of us, the subjects we’re expected to excel in have been ingrained since our elementary school days. Gender stereotypes have often painted boys as STEM enthusiasts and girls as creative word-wielders. While those stereotypes have changed in recent years, it’s evident that gender gaps in STEM careers still exist, including in the field of entomology. 

Despite the noteworthy shift of 40% of doctoral degrees in entomology now being awarded to women, a recent study reveals that men still outnumber women in university and federal entomology careers by about 66%

Why does this gender gap persist in entomology, and what steps can we take to bridge it? Join us as we explore the potential causes behind this imbalance and discuss strategies to level the entomological playing field, ensuring everyone has a seat at the table. 

Why Is There a Gender Gap in Entomology? 

The gender gap in entomology is a complex issue that consists of multiple contributing factors, including some of the aspects we discuss below. 

Societal and Gender Norms 

Entomology is just one of many subjects within the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, which have a predominantly male history. While it’s true that societal and gender norms are evolving, women are still about four times more likely to have an animal phobia (including insects) than men. So, although many women today are more capable of squashing the occasional bothersome cockroach than their female predecessors, some outdated stereotypes still discourage women from pursuing STEM careers, including those in entomology. 

Despite this (and other) changes in gender norms, some outdated stereotypes still discourage females from pursuing STEM careers, entomology included. Consequently, while some women may be interested in a career in pest management or beekeeping, they may opt for another career path due to lingering doubts about societal expectations and potential gender bias within these fields. 

Lack of Representation 

While we’ve seen more women joining entomology in recent years, the fact that there are fewer women in top roles may discourage others from getting into the field. For example, let’s take government entomologist positions. In 2015, out of 503 federal government-employed entomologists, 75% were men. The gender gap became even more noticeable in higher-ranking positions. If women filled more positions in the industry, it might encourage other women to also pursue their dreams of entering and dominating the field. 

Implicit Bias 

Implicit biases are a fickle aspect of human nature, as they refer to the decisions that individuals make subconsciously. Often, they’re linked back to societal norms and lead to accidental discrimination or unequal treatment based on gender, race, ethnicity or other characteristics. 

There are several ways implicit bias can negatively impact women’s ability to be hired or promoted in the field of entomology. For instance, hiring managers may unconsciously favor male candidates or have the tendency to over or underestimate a candidate’s qualifications based on their gender. 

4 Ways to Address and Decrease the Gender Gap 

The first step to reducing the gender gap in entomology is acknowledging that it exists. Then, with the help of individuals, institutions and the scientific community at large, we can incorporate some of the following strategies to promote gender equity. 

#1 Promote Inclusivity 

There are many ways to provide an inclusive environment in entomology. From ensuring that women are represented in leadership positions to highlighting the achievements and contributions of female entomologists with recognition and award programs, it’s essential to foster an inclusive environment where all genders feel welcome at the table. 

#2 Encourage STEM Courses for All Children 

We can teach an entire generation that it’s perfectly acceptable for female students to pursue STEM subjects from an early age. With outreach programs and educational initiatives, we can begin breaking the current mold and encourage women in STEM fields by promoting science-based courses to all who show interest in those subjects, including entomology. 

#3 Provide Equal Pay and Benefits 

Recent research indicates that female entomologists in federal government positions earn significantly less than their male counterparts. Closing the wage gap and ensuring that women with equal qualifications and experience receive equitable pay and benefits is a vital measure in reducing gender disparities within the field. 

#4 Offer a Sustainable Work-Life-Balance 

Providing supportive and flexible work arrangements can go a long way toward enticing more women to pursue a career in entomology. Family-friendly policies such as paid parental leave, flexible work hours and childcare assistance are beneficial for all, but they can be especially helpful for women, who are often responsible for the majority of caregiving duties. 

Be the Person You Want to Be (With the Career You Deserve) at UF 

At the University of Florida, we encourage you to pursue your dreams and build a career that ignites your passion and makes the world a better place. If you’re passionate about entomology, we offer a range of online programs designed to quench your thirst for knowledge and equip you with the skills needed to embark on a career in the field. Whether you’re looking to start your entomology journey, take your existing skillset to the next level or advance your career, we have options to suit your needs. 

For those interested in earning a graduate degree, consider our online Master of Science in Entomology and Nematology. It’s a 30-credit-hour program that’s entirely online, so you can complete coursework when it’s convenient for you. And because we understand that every individual has their own passions within the field, we offer four distinct specializations to choose from, including: 

  • Medical Entomology 
  • Landscape Pest Management 
  • Urban Pest Management 
  • Beekeeping 

Wherever your interests lie, the University of Florida is here to help you see them through to help you build the career you’ve always dreamed of. Take the first step and apply today

Sources: 
https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article/111/6/355/5076182?login=false 
https://academic.oup.com/view-large/123514823

What Does Entomology Have in Common With Other Natural Sciences?

We will be adding information soon. Please check back.

Entomology and nematology are sciences devoted to the study of insects and nematodes: creatures as fascinating as they are impactful on agriculture and natural systems. Although they’re now fully formed sciences supporting the $1.053-trillion-dollar agriculture industry, that wasn’t always the case. From a reverend who saw the divine in nature to a housewife who trekked through the jungles of South America, the founders of these sciences were passionate learners who questioned the world around them and searched tirelessly for answers.  

A collection of preserved insect specimens, including beetles, butterflies and moths, displayed in a museum-style case.

Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717)  

Maria Sibylla Merian wasn’t always known as the mother of entomology. Born in the Netherlands in 1647, Merian spent her early years as a homemaker for her husband and daughters. However, a childhood love of insects blossomed into a fascination with caterpillars, especially with their metamorphosis into butterflies. Having come from a family of artists, Merian was able to use her drawing talents to capture the life stages of insects, from larva to pupa to adult, in a way that had never before been documented. The common belief held during Merian’s time was one of “spontaneous generation,” the idea that insects and other living creatures spontaneously emerged from dew, dung and mud, which had its origins in a theory first outlined by the Greek philosopher Aristotle.  

Over the course of her life, Merian published a series of books containing drawings and engravings dispelling the notion of spontaneous generation and showing the natural world in magnificent detail. One of her most important publications, “Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium,” resulted from her ambitious expedition at the age of 52 to the jungles of South America. While her contemporaries were focused on separating and classifying insects, Merian was a trendsetter who didn’t shy away from showing ants, caterpillars and tarantulas as they appear in nature.   

William Kirby (1759-1850) 

Known as the father of entomology, Reverend William Kirby graduated from Caius College in Cambridge, England, in 1781 and was ordained a year later. He spent the next 68 years of his life living just 2.5 miles from his birthplace in Suffolk. This somewhat isolated life afforded the opportunity to connect with local scholars and scientists and learn about the surrounding plants, animals and insects in great detail. Over the course of his life, Kirby helped found the Entomological Society of London, became President of the Ipswich Museum and is associated with founding the Linnean Society, but his greatest contribution to the field of entomology came between 1815 and 1826. Together with friend William Spence, Kirby produced “An Introduction to Entomology, or Elements of the Natural History of Insects,” These four volumes would become the foundational text for modern entomology.  

Unlike Merian, Kirby was concerned with a systemic approach to the classification of insects. Kirby identified genus and species not only by an insect’s appearance but also its behavior, such as the mason wasp’s tendency to enclose living caterpillars in cells with their eggs. Like Merian, Kirby approached entomology with a sense of wonderment. Although Kirby’s work emphasized natural theology, his belief that there is “delight in nature” is alive and well in the field of entomology.  

Nathan Augustus Cobb (1859-1932) 

Nathan Cobb, considered to be the father of nematology in North America, rose from humble beginnings in Spencer, Massachusetts, where he became the headmaster of a small school by the age of 14. In 1887, he began his studies in microscopic organisms at the University of Jena in Germany, where he earned his Ph.D. in just 10 months. Cobb’s research on nematodes spanned the globe, from the Zoological Research Station in Naples, Italy, to the Department of Agriculture in New South Wales, Australia. Eventually, he became an agricultural technologist for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, where his knowledge of nematodes helped prevent the importation of 2,000 cherry trees from Japan infested with root-knot nematodes — a precursor to the first plant quarantine laws in the U.S.  

Cobb’s contributions to the field of nematology can’t be overstated. Over the course of his career, Cobb contributed scientific names and descriptions for over 1,000 nematode species. Many of his methods for studying nematodes are still used today, including the use of the Cobb slide for mounting specimens. Shortly after his death in 1932, his daughter was able to complete “The Key to the Genera of Free-Living Nematodes,” the culmination of 40 years of his research containing entries for almost all nematodes known at that time.  

Key Takeaways

Who is the mother of entomology? 

Maria Sibylla Merian is considered the mother of entomology. Motivated by a childhood love of insects, Merian became a scientific illustrator whose work was valued for showing insects like ants, caterpillars and tarantulas as they appear in nature.   

Who is the father of entomology? 

Reverend William Kirby is known as the father of entomology. Between 1815 and 1826, Kirby helped produce the foundational text “An Introduction to Entomology, or Elements of the Natural History of Insects.” 

Who is the father of nematology? 

Considered to be the father of nematology in North America, Nathan Cobb contributed scientific names and descriptions for over 1,000 nematode species over the course of his career. 

Inspired by the Pioneers Who Shaped Entomology?

Just as these pioneers shaped the field, you can contribute to its future with the help of an online entomology credential. At the University of Florida, we offer online entomology programs where students can follow in the footsteps of some of the world’s foremost scientists.

If you have a love for nature and the ants, bees, beetles, and wasps inhabiting it, apply to one of our master’s degree or graduate certificate programs. A career working directly with insects can be as exciting as it was for these scientists hundreds of years ago.

Sources:  

https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/01/the-woman-who-made-science-beautiful/424620/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/23/science/maria-sibylla-merian-metamorphosis-insectorum-surinamensium.html
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287215057_William_Kirby_1759-1850_Eminent_Suffolk_Naturalist
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.py.29.090191.000311


Other articles you may be interested in:

General

Boss Ladies: Fascinating Female-Led Insect Societies 

Who runs the world? According to Beyoncé, it’s girls — and in the insect world, that’s certainly true! In many insect species, females are strong, confident and unmistakably in charge, from industrious honey bee queens to formidable praying mantises. Let’s dive into what makes so many female insects such powerhouses and the driving forces of…

General

Celebrating Women in Entomology

Entomology, the study of insects, has long been associated with notable figures such as Sir Vincent Wigglesworth and William Kirby. While men have historically dominated the field and currently hold around 66% of entomology-related careers, the contributions of women in entomology deserve equal recognition. Women have made pivotal advances in understanding insect behavior, ecology and…

General

The History of Entomology: An Evolutionary Overview 

Though the term “entomology” was only formally coined in the early 1800s, humans’ fascination with insects dates back thousands of years. Insects account for roughly 75% of all known animal species, so it’s not hard to understand why these tiny creatures have piqued both curiosity and (at times) exasperation from frustrated gatherers and farmers.  Since…

Online graduate programs provide ample benefits to students, but their structure, format and the educational tools they use often look quite different than their traditional on-campus counterparts. If you’re new to distance learning and aren’t quite sure what to expect, the list below will outline some of the unique features of an online entomology and nematology graduate program, including the master’s degree and graduate certificate in entomology and nematology offered here at the University of Florida.

  1. Online Labs
    Traditionally, students had to be on campus to complete laboratory-based courses because of the amount of technical equipment, tools and supervision required. Fortunately, with modern technological advancements, online students can now complete their labs remotely. Students in UF’s online entomology and nematology program collect insects in their own backyard, using kits that can be purchased online or easily made at home. Online simulations stand in for in-lab research via free online software, which means no travel is required.
  2. Self-Paced Learning
    One of the most compelling reasons to enroll in an online graduate program is the ability to complete courses online at any time. That means whether it’s 2:00 a.m. or 2:00 p.m., you can finish coursework, publish your online discussion post or compile data for your lab project. The University of Florida’s online entomology and nematology graduate program is comprised entirely of asynchronous courses, which means you can complete courses and assignments at any time within a given timeframe (usually a week). This format offers more flexibility than synchronous courses, which require you to be online at a scheduled time.
  3. Ability to Connect With Students From All Over the World
    Since online graduate programs eliminate geographic boundaries, you’ll have the ability to connect with students from not only your home country but around the world. This diversity of students offers the potential to learn more about entomology and nematology in unfamiliar regions and explore the impact different climates have on human health. Additionally, this expanded geographic reach of online learners can offer valuable and differing perspectives during online discussions and projects.
  4. Accessible, Centralized Information
    When enrolling in an online program, it’s important that new students research the technology requirements of their program to determine whether or not their current computers meet those requirements. Many universities, including the University of Florida, use an online digital learning environment (e.g., Canvas or Blackboard) that integrates course assignments, discussion boards and other course information and keeps your valuable educational content in one easily accessible place.

Some of the most successful online graduate students are the ones that can stay organized and build their own study plan. While a university’s digital learning environment will include assignment deadlines, it’s often up to the student to build their own timeframe for competing this coursework ahead of the deadline. Using checklists and establishing routine study times are helpful habits that online learners can use to keep up with their assignments.

Whether you decide to pursue your graduate education online or on campus, deciding which program delivery method will work best for you is an essential part of the graduate application process. The University of Florida offers three master’s degree specializations and three graduate certificate options in entomology and nematology, each designed to cater to your specific interest within the field. If you’re interested in learning more about our graduate program, please explore our website or contact Dr. Georgette Kluiters.

A master’s degree or graduate certificate in entomology can give your resume the competitive edge needed to land advanced career opportunities. While the process of selecting a graduate program can be time-consuming, researching the strengths and weaknesses of an online graduate degree program is essential to your long-term success. Prospective students should be sure to consider factors such as course delivery method, tuition and financial aid, university accreditation, graduate program accolades, and the ability to preview what they will learn in required courses.

For students interested in enrolling in an online program in entomology and nematology, the University of Florida offers four compelling reasons to enroll:

1. Worldwide Distinction: The University of Florida is proud to be home to the number-one-ranked entomology and nematology program in the world as determined by the Center for World University Rankings. Additionally, UF has been recognized as a top school in several categories in the latest U.S. News & World Report rankings.

2. Program Options: With three specializations available within our 30-credit online master’s degree and three 15-credit online graduate certificate options, UF’s Entomology and Nematology Department’s degree programs can cater to both your interests and professional goals. This range of available programs allows us to offer abundant courses in a wide variety of subjects related to entomology and nematology. Program options include:

Master’s Degree Specializations:

If you’d prefer a broader course of study in entomology, UF also offers you the option of completing only the required courses for the entomology master’s degree and completing the remainder of your credit requirement with approved elective courses in entomology and nematology.

Graduate Certificates:

3. Course Options: The University of Florida’s Entomology and Nematology department teaches more courses than any other entomology department in the U.S. There are more than 60 courses offered to students each year and there’s a wide variety of courses available each semester, providing something of interest for everyone.

4. Affordable Tuition: UF is home to the lowest-priced online entomology and nematology program in the country. Learn more.

5. Renowned Faculty: Our faculty members are regularly recognized for their outstanding accomplishments. Dr. Andrea Lucky, an assistant professor in our online program, was one of two national recipients of the Early Career Teacher Award in 2019. Awarded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA-NIFA), this program recognizes outstanding college faculty in agriculture, natural resources, veterinary and human resources. Since the launch of the recognition program in 1992, eighteen faculty members from UF’s Institute of Food and Agricultural Science have received this distinction, more than any other institution.

Choosing the university and online graduate program that are right for you is a major decision, and one that warrants thorough research and examination. If you have additional questions about UF’s online entomology and nematology graduate program, please explore our website or contact Dr. Georgette Kluiters to discuss the program in further detail.

Ready to apply? Our online graduate program accepts students year-round. Get started on your graduate journey and submit your application today!

Questions? Contact Us

Learn More About the Program

Click for details about the Entomology and Nematology program.